IPL-41 medium was originally designed for the growth of fall armyworm (Sf9) cells and for expressing recombinant alfalfa silverleaf night moth nucleopolyhedrovirus (rAcNPV) using the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS). IPL-41 medium contains unique components essential for insect cell culture, including malic acid, fumaric acid, and α-ketoglutaric acid.